transistors - BJT in Reverse Active Mode of Operation

What will happen if for a BJT transistor, it's emitter terminal is treated as collector and collector as emitter in a common emitter amplifier circuit?

Answer

Short answer

It will work but will have a lower \$\beta\$ (beta)

Why?

The BJT is formed by two p-n junction (either npn or pnp), so at a first glance it's symmetrical. But both the concentration of dopant and the size of the regions (and more important: the area of the junctions) is different for the three regions. So it simply won't work at the full potential. (like using a reversed lever)

Wiki about BJT: look especially the section Structure and the reverse-active operating mode

The lack of symmetry is primarily due to the doping ratios of the emitter and the collector. The emitter is heavily doped, while the collector is lightly doped, allowing a large reverse bias voltage to be applied before the collector–base junction breaks down. The collector–base junction is reverse biased in normal operation. The reason the emitter is heavily doped is to increase the emitter injection efficiency: the ratio of carriers injected by the emitter to those injected by the base. For high current gain, most of the carriers injected into the emitter–base junction must come from the emitter.

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Another note: classical BJTs are created stacking the three regions in a linear way (see picture in the left), but modern bipolars, realized in surface (MOS) technology, will have also a different shape for collector and emitter (in the right):

^{In the left a traditional BJT, in the right a BJT in MOS technology (also called Bi-CMOS when both transistors are used in the same die)}

So the behavior will be even more affected.