Tuesday 20 May 2014

schematics - Sziklai Darlington Transistor Configuration


I'm building a infrared 38khz emitter and I would like to use 4 or 5 LED in multiples directions.


I found this article, where in the end it shows a Sziklai Darlington schematic and dont use resistors. I'm not sure if it is OK.


Based on the article, I made this example considering 2 LED emitters. I also included R2 and R3 to limit the current on LEDs.



It's not clear to me the current flow.


How do I calculate (or check) if it will work as I expect?



Do I need base resistors on T2 and T3?


It can be calculated with tipical values.



Answer



Staying with BJTs (MOSFETs might be a good option, too), the design starts out with your TSAL6100 IR LED, being operated at \$250\:\textrm{mA}\$.


From the datasheet, I find: enter image description here And derive the following:




  1. \$R_{typ}=\frac{2.2\:\textrm{V}-1.35\:\textrm{V}}{1\:\textrm{A}-100\:\textrm{mA}}\approx 1\:\Omega,\quad\therefore V_{250\:\textrm{mA}}\approx 1.5\:\textrm{V}\$





  2. \$R_{max}=\frac{3\:\textrm{V}-1.6\:\textrm{V}}{1\:\textrm{A}-100\:\textrm{mA}}\approx 1.6\:\Omega,\quad\therefore V_{250\:\textrm{mA}}\approx 1.8\:\textrm{V}\$




So the worst case I might expect from the IR LEDs is \$1.8\:\textrm{V}\$. The difference between \$5.0\:\textrm{V}\$ rail and a \$3.3\:\textrm{V}\$ rail is \$1.7\:\textrm{V}\$. These details suggest to me that we might be able to operate a simple NPN in a TO-92 as an emitter follower.


schematic


simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab


If this could work out, it has a strong argument of simplicity going for it. Let's look over the details.


Assume your I/O pin can be assumed to be from \$3.2\:\textrm{V}\$ to \$3.3\:\textrm{V}\$ and let's also assume a cheap 2N4401 in a TO-92 package with a guaranteed minimum \$\beta=100\$ at \$I_C=150\:\textrm{mA}\$ (see OnSemi 2N4401 datasheet) with a maximum \$\beta=300\$. We'll skate on slightly thinner ice here and assume we can "get" \$\beta=100\$ at \$I_C=250\:\textrm{mA}\$. This means your I/O pin only needs to source \$2.5\:\textrm{mA}\$ into the base, assuming that the BJT can stay out of saturation, with \$\mid V_{CE}\mid \ge\mid V_{BE}\mid\$.


You may be able to handle 5 of these with a single I/O pin. Maybe. As this would be \$12.5\:\textrm{mA}\$ total for 5. (You can just tie the bases together.) The ESP8266 I/O pin is limited, I think, to \$12\:\textrm{mA}\$ total. So... maybe.


From the datasheet, it looks like we should expect about \$V_{BE}\approx 900\:\textrm{mV}\$, so the emitter would be about \$2.3-2.4\:\textrm{V}\$. With the LED in the collector leg and requiring from \$1.5-1.8\:\textrm{V}\$ for its own operation, the NPN collector will be from \$3.2-3.5\:\textrm{V}\$. These details suggest that the NPN can indeed be kept out of saturation here, since \$800\:\textrm{mV} \le V_{CE} \le 1.2\:\textrm{V}\$. So that's another good mark for it.



For temperature calculations, things get more difficult. Power in the NPN will be from \$200-300\:\textrm{mW}\$. Which is ... significant. With a typical package to ambient thermal resistance of \$200\:\frac{^\circ\textrm{C}}{\textrm{W}}\$, this is an increase over ambient of from \$40\:^\circ\textrm{C}\$ to \$60\:^\circ\textrm{C}\$. Which is not at all small.


So this worries me about the TO-92 packaging.


Except that you are saying that this is very intermittent. So, I think you might consider giving the 2N4401 a try. It may work out fine for you.


If you are worried (and perhaps you should be), or just want a back-up plan while still keeping the simplicity of the design, then perhaps consider a D44H11 in the TO-220 package. These can be left open to the air with \$62.5\:\frac{^\circ\textrm{C}}{\textrm{W}}\$ or else bonded to a heat sink for much better figures. It also has a relatively high \$\beta\$ at fairly high collector currents, so it is probably a good pick on that basis, as well.


Either way, \$R_1\$ is easy to set. We already know the voltage at the emitter (see above) and can figure out that \$R_1\approx 10\:\Omega\$ would be about right, as well.




NOTES:


You will not often find this arrangement on the web, if you search. There are good reasons for that. But in your case, with the voltages available and the specific type of IR LED you are using and the limited number of them that you want, I think you can get by with something this simple. (If you take heed of the thermal considerations.) All your problem boundaries would seem to allow a design like this.


If I were you, I might buy up some D44H11 devices in TO-220 packaging just in case I need them. But I might also try some 2N4401 parts and see just how hot they get. Given the intermittent use you mentioned, they might work just fine. And the circuit certainly is simple.


As the temperature of the BJT rises, the \$V_{BE}\$ shrinks at a rate of around \$-2\:\frac{\textrm{mV}}{^\circ\textrm{C}}\$. With a \$50\:^\circ\textrm{C}\$ rise, this means an increase of about \$100\:\textrm{mV}\$ across \$R_1\$ -- or another \$10\:\textrm{mA}\$ through your LED and the NPN BJT. (About 4-5% change.) But also, \$V_{CE}\$ shrinks a little (about 10% change) and so in this particular case the resulting dissipation in the BJT due to a rising temperature will actually yield a slight decline in dissipation to counter that effect. Which is a good thing. (Note that this applies in this specific case and isn't a general rule about dissipation.)



This is an example of minimalist designing that takes into account all of the issues that are specific to a situation. Your I/O pin current limitations, your IR LED requirements, etc. As you can see, it cuts things quite close to the edge on several areas. However, that's taking into account worst case and the reality is likely to be better than that and probably 'good enough.' The circuit has the huge advantage of simplicity, so for hobby use I'd give it a shot.




If you want to greatly reduce the current compliance requirements from your I/O pin, you can try the following:


schematic


simulate this circuit


It will place a higher dissipation load onto each of the BJTs assigned to LEDs, since the \$V_{CE}\$ will increase. But since you are using these in a very intermittent fashion, that still may be just fine. And this almost entirely removes the load off of the I/O pin. The risk you take is if the IR LEDs are turned on and left on for some accidental reason, you might cook the BJTs in the TO-92 packages. But that was a bit of a risk before, too. And you can still replace the BJTs assigned to LEDs with the D44H11 devices, if you want to be safer here. If so, this circuit might be better because it also keeps the I/O pin current loading very, very light. And the D44H11 can tolerate a modest increase in dissipation. (Especially so if you mount the D44H11 BJTs on a short strip of aluminum, for example.)


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