Wednesday, 29 January 2020

operational amplifier - Deriving the formula of oscillation frequency for the Phase Shift Oscillator


My aim is to find the oscillation frequency of a Phase Shift Oscillator.


enter image description here


I start by finding transfer function of the cascaded RC network.


$$ V_o(s) = \dfrac{\dfrac{1}{C_3s}}{R_3+\dfrac{1}{C_3s}} V_2(s) = \dfrac{1}{1+R_3C_3s} V_2(s). $$


Similarly,


$$ V_2(s) = \dfrac{1}{1+R_2C_2s} V_1(s) \quad\text{and}\quad V_1(s) = \dfrac{1}{1+R_1C_1s} V_i(s). $$



Then the transfer function is:


$$ \begin{array}{lcl} H(s) = \dfrac{V_o(s)}{V_i(s)} &=& \dfrac{1}{(1+R_1C_1s)(1+R_2C_2s)(1+R_3C_3s)} \\ &=& \dfrac{1}{R_1R_2R_3C_1C_2C_3s^3 + \dots} \cdots \\ && \dfrac{}{(R_1R_2C_1C_2 + R_2R_3C_2C_3 + R_1R_3C_1C_3)s^2 + \dots} \cdots \\ && \dfrac{}{(R_1C_1 + R_2C_2 + R_3C_3)s + 1} \end{array} $$


So the frequency response is:


$$ \begin{array}{lcl} H(j\omega) &=& \dfrac{1}{j\omega \left[ (R_1C_1 + R_2C_2 + R_3C_3) - R_1R_2R_3C_1C_2C_3\omega^2 \right] + \dots} \cdots \\ && \dfrac{}{\left[ 1 - (R_1R_2C_1C_2 + R_2R_3C_2C_3 + R_1R_3C_1C_3)\omega^2 \right]} \end{array} $$


Now, we are looking for a special \$\omega\$ value, \$\omega_0\$, for which the argument of \$H(wj)\$ will be \$\pm180^o\$. Clearly, it happens when


$$ R_1C_1 + R_2C_2 + R_3C_3 = R_1R_2R_3C_1C_2C_3\omega^2 \Big|_{\omega=\omega_0}. $$


Hence we find the oscillation frequency as


$$ \begin{array}{rcl} \omega_0 &=& \sqrt{\dfrac{R_1C_1 + R_2C_2 + R_3C_3}{R_1R_2R_3C_1C_2C_3}} \\ \text{f}_0 &=& \dfrac{1}{2\pi} \sqrt{\dfrac{R_1C_1 + R_2C_2 + R_3C_3}{R_1R_2R_3C_1C_2C_3}} \end{array}. $$


When \$\quad R_1=R_2=R_3=R\quad\$ and \$\quad C_1=C_2=C_3=C\quad\$:


$$ \text{f}_0 = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2 \pi RC} $$



However, according to all online articles including Wikipedia, the formula for the oscillation frequency is


$$ \text{f}_0 = \dfrac{1}{2 \pi RC \sqrt{6}}. $$


I did an experiment with the exact circuit I attached above with \$R=1k\Omega\$, \$C=100nF\$, \$R_i=1k\Omega\$ and \$R_f=33k\Omega\$ by using TL084 opamp. I observed the oscillation period as 7.4ms.


According to the formula I derived above, it should have been


$$ \tau_0 = 2 \pi (1k\Omega) (100nF) / \sqrt{3} = 362.76 \text{ns}. $$


And according to the other's formula, it should have been


$$ \tau_0 = 2 \pi (1k\Omega) (100nF) \sqrt{6} = 1.539 \text{ms}. $$


Finally, my questions are:



  1. Why is the formula I found above is different than the other's formula? Where did I make the mistake? Did using a an extra opamp for buffer affect it?


  2. Why does the period of my oscillator differ so much from what the both formula say?




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