I would like to downconvert a signal at 169.55MHz (10khz bandwidth) into an IF of 20.4MHz. For that purpose, I need a local oscillator of 149.15MHz or 189.95MHz.
But... of course, I cannot find a crystal at these frequencies (at least I think I don't have the budget for a custom Xtal. But I might be wrong on that point. I have no idea.) and I have to find another way.
I decided to try to generate one of my LO frequencies from a PLL. But most of the PLL have a CMOS or other kind of logic output, not sine waves. This is especially true when the output of the PLL IC is post scaled. This approach is convenient, because it's easy and low cost to design such a PLL with an integrated, high speed, VCO (such as the ADF4351). That VCO runs at frequencies around 1GHz, is divided and output using a logic driver (here differential at 0dBm).
My question is: can I inject the logic signal from the PLL at the input of my mixer? That signal has a lot of harmonics (only the odd harmonics, in theory.. right?) Or do I need to low pass filter that LO at the input of the mixer?
I have computed that none of the LO harmonics, mixed with the input signal (or harmonics of it) falls into my 20.4 IF band pass filter. But is it enough? Do I have to expect another issue related to this?
I would feel very confident to inject a "as clean as possible" sine into my mixer, but not a square wave...
Answer
Yes, a square wave can be fine. When you mix, you get the sum and the difference of the frequency components from each input. The square wave consists of the fundamental and all the odd harmonics, so you need to do some filtering somewhere, of course.
The Softrock Ensamble RXTX is a simple direct conversion HF transceiver which makes a good example. There's a schematic on that page (a pretty bad one, but hey, you get what you pay for). U3 generates a square wave of a programmable frequency. U5 splits this into two quadrature clocks, QSD CLK 1 and 2. These find their way to U10, which is the mixer. It's not much more than a couple of analog switches. The output of the mixer goes to a couple of simple amplifiers and then to the audio input of a computer.
It's notable that this design wouldn't work with anything but square waves for the LO. U10 is an analog switch, with digital inputs to determine the state of the switches. It's not an ideal multiplier. If you fed it with a sine wave, the gain of the input transistors in U10 would make it a square wave anyway. This isn't true of all mixers, but here it is.
The filtering on this radio happens between the antenna and the mixer. The filters strip out all the harmonics above the band the kit was built for. Were this not done, then the LO frequency, plus all of its odd harmonics, would be aliased down to baseband. However, all those odd harmonics don't exist in the signal coming from the antenna after the filter, so there's no problem1.
You can also use this to your advantage. There's another kit in the same family, the Softrock RX Lite II, which when built for 20m or 30m, samples at a lower harmonic. That is, the LO is actually 1/3rd of what it would otherwise be, and it's the harmonic of that square wave input to the LO that actually mixes the signal down. Again, filtering removes out-of-band signals between the antenna and the mixer.
Given your difficulty in finding a suitable crystal, maybe this is good for you. If you can find one that is at 1/3rd of the desired frequency, you could make that work, with appropriate filtering.
1: provided, of course, that you don't have some really strong signal near one of these harmonics that can find its way in despite the filtering. It could be an issue if you lived right next to a broadcast station or you had to deploy this radio in a high-RF environment. It's an inexpensive hobbyist kit, not professional equipment.
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