design - What are FIT's and how they used in reliability calculations?

In Military, Medical, Space, Professional eqt. design there is a need to be able to prove that your device can last a certain length of time with a certain confidence level. Or that reliability must be used in design to inform the design direction, either through component selection, component testing and sort or in amelioration techniques (like redundancy, FEC's - Forward Error Correction etc.).

How are FIT's (Failure In Time) used in the reliability aspect of design and verification? Examples of calculations?

How are FIT's determined/derived?

How is this related to MTTF (Mean Time To Failure) and MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures)

Answer

The term FIT (failure in time) is defined as a failure rate of 1 per billion hours. A component having a failure rate of 1 FIT is equivalent to having an MTBF of 1 billion hours. Most components have failure rates measured in 100's and 1000's of FITs. For components, such as transistors and ICs, the manufacturer will test a large lot over a period of time to determine the failure rate. If 1000 components are tested for 1000 hours, then that is considered to be equivalent to 1,000,000 hours of test time. There are standard formulas that convert the number of failures in a given test time to MTBF for a selected confidence level. For a system of components, one method of predicting the MTBF is to add the failure rates of each component and then taking the reciprocal. For example, if one component has a failure rate of 100 FITs, another 200 FITs and another 300 FITs, then the total failure rate is 600 FITs and the MTBF is 1.67 million hours. For military systems, the failure rates of each component can be found in MIL-HDBK-217. This document includes formulas to account for environmental and usage conditions such as temperature, shock, fixed or mobile equipment, etc. In initial stages of a design, these calculations are useful in determining the overall reliability of a design(to compare with the specified requirement) and which components are most significant in terms of the system reliability so that design changes can be made if deemed necessary. However, component reliability is more of an art than a science. Many components are so reliable that it is difficult to accumulate enough test time to get a good handle on their MTBF. Also, relating data taken at one set of conditions (temperature, humidity, voltage, current, etc.) to another is open to large errors. As already mentioned in the comments, all of these calculations are mean numbers and are useful in predicting the reliability of a large number of components and systems, but not any individual unit.