I was buying DC motors for making robots. I wanted to ask whether the voltage written on the motor, e.g. 12V or 24V, matters. Whether a 100 RPM 5kg/cm torque 12V DC motor is any different from a 100 RPM 5kg/cm torque 24V DC motor. If I give 24V to a 12V motor, then would it be a problem, or would it not accommodate 24V and finally perform as it would have performed on a 12V power supply? Or would a 12V motor perform better on 24V than it does on 12V?
Answer
On their respective power supplies both motors should perform identically but the 12V motor would draw twice as much current from its 12V supply compared to the 24V motor on a 24V supply.
In other words power supplied to both motors should be quite similar for a given mechanical load. Mechanical load power is defined as \$2\pi n T\$ where n is speed in revs per second and T is torque is newton-metres. And if the 12V motor took 4 Amps to supply a certain mechanical power output then the 24V motor would take 2A to perform identically.
DC motors of the simple type (trying not to generalize here) will rotate at full speed on no-load and this speed is mainly determined by the applied voltage. Putting 24V on a 12V motor may wreck it. Conversely, on heavy loads, the speed normally reduces fairly linearly with torque but on a 24V supply there may be enough potential for the motor to fry due to it being able to supply more torque and speed. Don't do it is my advice.
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